TypeScript Interview Questions and Answers

Typescript is a strongly typed, object oriented, compiled language.  Typescript is a superset of JavaScript that brings users optional static types and solid tooling. Using TypeScript can help avoid painful bugs people commonly run into when writing JavaScript by type checking the code. It was designed by Anders Hejlsberg (designer of C#) at Microsoft. TypeScript is both a language and a set of tools. TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript compiled to JavaScript. In other words, TypeScript is JavaScript plus some additional features.

TypeScript is a JavaScript: TypeScript starts with JavaScript and ends with JavaScript. Typescript adopts the basic building blocks of your program from JavaScript. Hence, you only need to know JavaScript to use TypeScript. All TypeScript code is converted into its JavaScript equivalent for the purpose of execution.

TypeScript supports other JS libraries: Compiled TypeScript can be consumed from any JavaScript code. TypeScript-generated JavaScript can reuse all of the existing JavaScript frameworks, tools, and libraries.

JavaScript is TypeScript: This means that any valid .js file can be renamed to .ts and compiled with other TypeScript files. JavaScript is not suitable for developing large applications because of the complexity of large applications. Typescript allows the developers to develop large applications by using object-oriented principles.

TypeScript is portable: Typescript is portable across browsers, devices, and operating systems. It can run on any environment that JavaScript runs on. Unlike its counterparts, TypeScript doesn’t need a dedicated VM or a specific runtime environment to execute.

TypeScript and ECMAScript: TypeScript language features like Modules and class-based orientation are in line with the EcmaScript 6 specification.

There are mainly 3 components of TypeScript:

TypeScript Language: The most important part for developers is the new language. The language consists of new syntax, keywords and allows you to write TypeScript.

TypeScript Compiler: The TypeScript compiler is open source, cross-platform and open specification, and is written in TypeScript. Compiler will compile your TypeScript into JavaScript. And it will also emit error, if any. It can also help in concatenating different files to a single output file and in generating source maps.

TypeScript Language Service: The “Language Service” exposes an additional layer around the core compiler pipeline that are editor-like applications. The language service supports the common set of a typical editor operations like statement completions, signature help, code formatting and outlining, colorization, etc. TypeScript language service which powers the interactive TypeScript experience in Visual Studio, VS Code, Sublime, the TypeScript playground and other editor.

TypeScript has following benefits:

• It helps in code structuring
• Intellisense
• It has an API for DOM manipulation.
• Use class-based object oriented programming
• Impose coding guidelines
• Offers type checking
• Compile time error checking
• ES6 features support

TypeScript is pure object oriented like Java. TypeScript can help programmers to write object-oriented programs and have them compiled to JavaScript, both on server side and client side.

Provide an optional type system for JavaScript.

Provide planned features from future JavaScript editions to current JavaScript engines.

TypeScript supports Object Oriented Programming concepts like classes, interfaces, inheritance, etc.

It’s quite possible that JavaScript libraries/frameworks don’t have TypeScript definition files and yet you want to use them without any errors. The solution is to use the declare keyword. The declare keyword is used for ambient declarations where you want to define a variable that may not have originated from a TypeScript file.

YES. There are 4 main principles to Object Oriented Programming: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Abstraction, and Polymorphism. TypeScript can implement all four of them with its smaller and cleaner syntax.

Inheritance means that a subclass or derived class implicitly contains all non-overridden member of the base class.

The module system is an interesting feature of TypeScript, the statically typed superset of JavaScript. Modules provide the possibility to group related logic, encapsulate it, structure your code and prevent pollution of the global namespace.

Modules in Typescripts are very useful. Modules in Typescript helps in organizing the code. There are two types of Modules:

Internal Modules: Internal Modules are now replaceable by using Typescript’s namespace.

External Modules: External Modules used to specify and load dependencies between multiple external js files. If there is only one js file used, then external modules are not relevant.

Method Overriding, in TypeScript, is a language feature that allows a derived class to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by one of it’s or base classes. A member in a derived class is said to override a member in a base class when the derived class member has the same name and kind instance, or is static, as the base class member. A derived class will inherit all public members from its base class. The implementation in the derived class replaces the implementation in the base by providing a method that has the same signature, the same name or parameter and the same return type as the method in the base class.

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static typing, enhanced tooling, and additional features like interfaces and classes. It allows for better code organization, early error detection, and improved developer productivity compared to JavaScript.

TypeScript supports static typing through type annotations. By explicitly specifying the types of variables, function parameters, and return values, TypeScript can perform type checking at compile-time, catching potential errors before runtime.

Generics in TypeScript allow the creation of reusable components that can work with different types. They provide a way to define placeholders for types, enabling the creation of flexible and type-safe code.

In TypeScript, inheritance is achieved using the extends keyword. By extending a base class, a derived class inherits its properties and methods. TypeScript supports single inheritance, but it allows for implementing multiple interfaces to achieve a similar effect.

Decorators are a feature in TypeScript that allow modifying the behavior of classes, methods, or properties. They provide a way to add metadata, apply runtime transformations, or implement cross-cutting concerns such as logging or validation.

The any type in TypeScript represents a dynamic type that can hold values of any type. It allows for bypassing type checking and is useful when working with values of unknown or varying types. However, excessive use of any can undermine the benefits of static typing.

TypeScript supports the concept of modules to organize and encapsulate code. It has its own module syntax, but it can also integrate with popular module systems like CommonJS or ES modules. Module bundlers like Webpack or Rollup can then be used to bundle the modules into a single file for deployment.

Namespaces in TypeScript provide a way to organize code into logical containers to prevent naming conflicts. They are primarily used in older TypeScript projects. On the other hand, modules (as discussed in the previous question) are the preferred way to organize code and provide encapsulation in modern TypeScript projects.

TypeScript offers type assertions and type guards for ensuring type compatibility. Type assertions allow explicitly telling the compiler about the type of a variable, while type guards are conditional statements that narrow down the type of an object based on runtime checks.

TypeScript supports async/await, which is a syntax for writing asynchronous code that looks synchronous. It is based on Promises and provides a more readable and sequential way of handling asynchronous operations, making code easier to reason about.

These are also called the primitive types in typescript. These are of 5 types: –

Number type: It is used to represent number type values and represents double precision floating point values.

Syntax:var variable_name: number;

String type: It represents a sequence of characters stored as Unicode UTF-16 code. It is the same as JavaScript primitive type.

Syntax: var variable_name: string;

Boolean type: In typescript, it is used to represent a logical value. When we use the Boolean type, we get output only in true or false. It is also the same as JavaScript primitive type.

Syntax: var variable_name: bool;

Null type: it represents a null literal and it is not possible to directly reference the null type value itself.

Syntax: var variable_name:number=null;

Undefined type: it is the type of undefined literal. This type of built-in type is the sub-type of all the types.

Syntax: var variable_name:number=undefined;

What is variable in TypeScript?

The variable is simply a name of storage location and all variables must be identified with unique names and these unique names are called identifiers.

The concept of classes is very similar to .NET/Java. A Class can have constructor, member variables, properties and methods. TypeScript also allows access modifiers “private” and “public” for member variables and functions.

Yes, it is possible. To debug it, you need .js source map file. If you are new to source map, read more here. So compile the .ts file with the –source map flag to generate a source map file.

TypeScript supports .ts extension.

The scope is set of objects, variables and function and the JavaScript can have global scope variable and local scope variable. There are three types of scope variable

Global Scope Variable: The global scope is a window object and it’s used out of function and within the functions.

Local Scope Variable: The local scope is a function object and it’s used within the functions.

Class Scope Variable: These variables are also called fields. Fields or class variables are declared within the class but outside the methods. These variables can be accessed using the object of the class. Fields can also be static. Static fields can be accessed using the class name.

TypeScript Definition Manager (TSD) is a package manager to search and install TypeScript definition files directly from the community driven Definitelytyped repository.

The presence of a tsconfig.json file in a directory indicates that the directory is the root of a TypeScript project. The tsconfig.json file specifies the root files and the compiler options required to compile the project. And using this file, we can streamline building TypeScript project.

Duck-typing: It is used to verify the presence of certain properties in the objects to check

their suitability. Here, two objects are considered to be of the same type if both share the

same set of properties.

TypeScript can be installed and managed via npm, the Node.js package manager. To install TypeScript, first ensure the npm is installed properly. And then run the following command to install TypeScript globally on your system.

Installing

For the latest stable version:

npm install -g typescript

For our nightly builds:

npm install -g typescript@next

A typescript file is used to write more manageable and complex code in AppBuilder but before that, they need to be compiled to JavaScript. Here are the steps which are followed while compiling a typescript file to JavaScript: –

It should be firstly verified that the typescript engine has been enabled or not. In the title bar, click your user name and select options.

In the project navigator, select and right-click the TS files that are to be compiled.

Choose compile to JavaScript.

Add a <script> reference for the JS file in the HTML code if needed.

It is used to combine two or more data types to denote a Union Type.

The syntax to declare Nested Namespace is:

namespace firstnamespace {      export namespace secondnamespace {        export class classname {    }      }   }

Typing has always been about the variables the program. If I create a static typing language

I don’t have to immediately tell the compiler that this particular integer and will always be

an integer. It will be exactly what I stored in the program even If I forget while coding and changed its value by passing it to another class or something. A number of good language examples are C, C++, and Java. Dynamic typing, on the other hand, is the direct opposite of what the above is about. Ruby, Perl and of course our poster boy. JavaScript. This doesn’t mean anyone of these languages is inherently weak or bad. And that should be the focus.